This article should help the veterinarian to assess pain in small mammals and birds. The
focus is on a multimodal approach to anesthesia and analgesia using opioids, nonsteroidal …

Small mammals should be provided with effective pain relief whenever indicated.
Veterinarians must first familiarize themselves with the normal behavioral characteristics of …

Avian pain is likely analogous to pain experienced by most mammals. Approach to pain
management for the avian patient involves considering the duration, type, and extent of …

Understanding behavioral indicators of pain and other assessment techniques can help one
to recognize pain in birds and prompt us to treat birds with analgesics. An analgesic plan …

Small mammals receive analgesics much less frequently than more familiar species such as
dogs and cats. This is probably related to the greater difficulty of recognizing pain in these …

Essentials of Small Animal Anesthesia and Analgesia, Second Edition presents the
fundamentals of managing small animal anesthesia patients in a clinically relevant …

Rabbits and rodents are popular pets and are often presented to veterinarians for evaluation
and medical treatment. Anesthesia in exotic pets is required for many diagnostic and …

Surgical intervention and painful conditions often apply to avian patients that are presented
to veterinary hospitals. Therefore, anesthesia and analgesia are an important part of the …

Lumb & Jones' is the definitive reference in veterinary anesthesia and analgesia, covering
all large and small animal species and a full array of clinical conditions and diseases. This …

There has been a substantial increase in the use of analgesics for pain management in the
last 10 years. Traditionally, veterinarians have not been trained in the identification of or …