Researchers have spent many years examining the order of acquisition of segments
(individual speech sounds), particularly consonants, and their patterns of substitution. This is …

Attempts to measure phonological acquisition have largely focused on segments, with less
effort made to examine whole-word productions. This article proposes four measures …

Consonant mastery is one of the most widely used metrics of typical phonological
acquisition and of phonological disorder. Two fundamental methodological questions …

Preschool-age children with phonological disorders were compared to their typically
developing age peers on their ability to discriminate CVC words that differed only in the …

The sounds-in-words subtest of the Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation (GFTA) was
administered to 222 Black children in preschool through third grade. The children resided in …

The errors on consonant singletons made by children in the Iowa-Nebraska Articulation
Norms Project (Smit, Hand, Freilinger, Bernthal, & Bird, 1990) were tabulated by age range …

Children often mispronounce words when learning their first language. Is it because they
cannot perceive the differences that adults make or is it because they can't produce the …

Directions: Say, I want you to listen to some made-up words. After you hear each made-up
word, lwant you to say it exactly as you heard it and as clearly as you can. Even if it's hard to …

Acquisition of correct/s/over time was studied in five misarticulating children and compared
to data reported for younger children during normal phonological development. Changes in …

The age at which specific consonant articulations emerge differs greatly among children.
Widely quoted age tables represent upper age limits rather than average performance, and …