To examine how B cell receptor affinity affects clonal selection in thymus-independent type 2
(TI-2) immune responses, we produced mice with antibodies that showed a 40-fold …

Antibody affinity for antigen is believed to govern B lymphocyte selection during T-
dependent immune responses. To examine antibody affinity in T cell–dependent immune …

Recent results emphasize the roles of T-independent antibody response in humoral
defenses, for which B1 cells and marginal zone B cells are mostly responsible. We discuss …

Unlike B cells, T cells lack the capacity to improve the affinity of their antigen receptors by
somatic mutation. It is, therefore, believed that optimization of cellular immunity is mediated …

The immune system normally avoids producing antibodies that react with autologous (" self")
antigens by censoring self-reactive T and B cells. Unlike the T cell repertoire, antibody …

In humans, up to 75% of newly generated B cells and about 30% of mature B cells show
some degree of autoreactivity. Yet, how B cells establish and maintain tolerance in the face …

Lymphocytes typically express only one functional antigen receptor, a restriction contributed
to by allelic exclusion. Here we have analyzed B lymphocyte development in offspring of a …

High-affinity antibodies are critical for host protection and underlie successful vaccines. The
generation of such antibodies requires T cell–dependent help, which mediates germinal …

CD 19 is the hallmark differentiation antigen of the B lineage. Its early expression has
implicated a role for CD 19 during the antigen-independent phases of B-cell development …

T-CELL reactivity to the class II major histocompatibility complex IE antigen is associated
with T-cell antigen receptors containing the Vβ gene segments Vβ17a (ref. 1) and Vβ5 (ref …