Risk analyses indicate that more than 90% of the world's reefs will be threatened by climate
change and local anthropogenic impacts by the year 2030 under" business-as-usual" …

Irrefutable evidence of coral reef degradation worldwide and increasing pressure from rising
seawater temperatures and ocean acidification associated with climate change have led to a …

Foundation species structure communities by creating habitat and modifying environmental
conditions, and there is increasing interest in how foundation species, such as corals and …

Highlights•Coral reef response to past climate change is recorded in the fossil
record.•Responses include migration, adaptation and extinction.•Past reef crises were …

Global climate change and localized anthropogenic stressors are driving rapid declines in
coral reef health. In vitro experiments have been fundamental in providing insight into how …

Global degradation of coral reefs has increased the urgency of identifying stress-tolerant
coral populations, to enhance understanding of the biology driving stress tolerance, as well …

Deeper coral reefs experience reduced temperatures and light and are often shielded from
localized anthropogenic stressors such as pollution and fishing. The deep reef refugia …

Coral reefs are among the world's most endangered ecosystems. Coral mortality can result
from ocean warming or other climate-related events such as coral bleaching and intense …

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is expected to exceed 500 parts per million and
global temperatures to rise by at least 2° C by 2050 to 2100, values that significantly exceed …

Coral reefs are considered one of the ecosystems most vulnerable to ongoing global climate
change. However, geographic and taxonomic responses to climate change are highly …