The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily consists of three main protein
kinase families: the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs), the c-Jun N …

Part of the cellular response to toxins, physical stresses and inflammatory cytokines occurs
by signalling via the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and p38 reactivating kinase …

In response to changes in the extracellular environment, cells coordinate intracellular
activities to maximize their probability of survival and proliferation. Eukaryotic cells, from …

The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in …

Background: Stimuli that stress cells, including inflammatory cytokines, ultra-violet
irradiation, DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic drugs and heat shock, stimulate a recently …

All aerobic organisms are exposed to oxidative stress during their lifetime and are required
to respond appropriately for maintenance of their survival and homeostasis. Sustained …

Cells respond to changes in osmotic pressure with compensatory molecular adaptations that
allow them to re-establish homeostasis of osmotically disturbed aspects of cell structure and …

Many environmental stresses trigger cellular responses by activating mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Once activated, these highly conserved protein kinase …

Background Osmotic stress arises from the difference between intracellular and extracellular
osmolality. It induces cell swelling or shrinkage as a consequence of water influx or efflux …

The mammalian response to stress is complex, often involving multiple signalling pathways
that act in concert to influence cell fate. To examine potential interactions between the …