Pregnant individuals often face medical illness, ranging from diabetes to cancer to infectious
disease to mental health disorders. Yet–and large part due to ethical concerns about …

Drugs can have harmful effects on the embryo or the fetus at any point during pregnancy.
Not all the damaging effects of intrauterine exposure to drugs are obvious at birth, some may …

One of the last frontiers in pediatric studies is those studies directed at the care of the
maternal-placental-fetal unit. Because of the concern for teratogenicity and the possibility of …

Medication use is common in pregnancy, yet for most medications the optimal formulation
and dosage have not been described specifically for pregnant women. Often, adverse …

Knowledge of pharmacokinetics and the use of a mechanistic-based approach can improve
our ability to predict the effects of pregnancy for medications when data are limited. Despite …

INTRODUCTION GENERAL PRINCIPLES PHARMACOLOGY OF PREGNANCY
PREGNANCY RATINGS AND DRUG LABELS USE OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND …

Over 200 million pregnancies occur worldwide annually [1], yet pregnant women have
historically been excluded from clinical studies. However, women who are pregnant are not …

The data available to inform pregnant and lactating women about drug safety and efficacy
are woefully inadequate. This lack of information encompasses every aspect of …

Changes in maternal physiology occur normally during pregnancy and have the potential to
alter the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs used therapeutically in pregnant …