Highlights•Complex regulation of sleep and wake is traced through mushroom body input
and outputs.•The central complex promotes sleep and mediates sleep-drive.• …

Sleep is a universal physiological state evolutionarily conserved among species, but the
molecular basis for its regulation is still largely unknown. Due to its electroencephalogram …

Sleep is critical for diverse aspects of brain function in animals ranging from invertebrates to
humans. Powerful genetic tools in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have identified—at …

Sleep is a biological enigma that has raised numerous questions about the inner workings
of the brain. The fundamental question of why our nervous systems have evolved to require …

Sleep consists of quiescent periods with reduced responsiveness to external stimuli. Despite
being maladaptive in that when asleep, animals are less able to respond to dangerous …

Sleep is controlled by two major regulatory systems: a circadian system that drives it with a
24-hour periodicity and a home-ostatic system that ensures that adequate amounts of sleep …

Neural systems controlling the vital functions of sleep and feeding in mammals are tightly
interconnected: sleep deprivation promotes feeding, whereas starvation suppresses sleep …

Highlights•dFB and EB R2 neurons detect homeostatic changes in sleep need and induce
recovery sleep.•Memory-encoding MB circuits require sleep to form new …

Sleep is thought to be controlled by two main processes: a circadian clock that primarily
regulates sleep timing and a homeostatic mechanism that detects and responds to sleep …

Sleep is a highly conserved behavior whose role is as yet unknown, although it is widely
acknowledged as being important. Here we provide an overview of many vital questions …