Both advancing age and estrogen loss exacerbate acute myocardial infarction in the female
heart. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of age-related differences in cell death after …

The effects of estrogen deficiency on the loss of cardioprotection with advancing age are
complex and poorly understood. A major focus of the current study was to uncover a …

Background Estrogen improves cardiac recovery after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) by yet
incompletely understood mechanisms. Mitochondria play a crucial role in I/R injury through …

Aging chronically increases endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that contributes to
mitochondrial dysfunction. Activation of calpain 1 (CPN1) impairs mitochondrial function …

Sex differences in responses to myocardial ischemia have been described, but whether
cardiomyocyte function is influenced by sex in the setting of ischemia and reperfusion has …

Reduced efficacy of cardioprotective interventions in the aged female heart, including
estrogen replacement, highlights the need for alternative therapeutics to reduce myocardial …

Aims Gender difference in cardiac ischemia–reperfusion (IR) induced injury has been
reported in animal models. However, a large-scale clinical trial found an increase in …

The mechanisms underlying the age-dependent reversal of female cardioprotection are
poorly understood and complicated by findings that estrogen replacement is ineffective at …

Background Reduced cardiovascular risk in premenopausal women has been the focus of
research in recent decades. Previous hypothesis-driven experiments have highlighted the …

Females have a lower incidence of heart failure and improved survival after myocardial
ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) compared with males. Although estrogen-suppressed …