Activated glia are a source of substances known to enhance pain, including centrally
synthesized prostaglandins. We have previously shown that microglia are activated in the …

Background: Subcutaneous injection of formalin in the plantar surface of rat's hind paw is
frequently used as an animal model to study pain associated with inflammation. The pain …

IMPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates and provides biochemical evidence that
preemptive inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine synthesis by local administration of …

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) pain is the most common joint pain. Currently, dysfunction in the
central nervous system rather than knee joint degeneration is considered to be the major …

Administration of formalin in rat paws results in stimulation of nociceptive pathways, which
leads to an increase in the excitability of neurons present in dorsal horn. This increased …

It has been well recognized that exposure to chronic stress could increase pain responding
and exacerbate pain symptoms, resulting in stress-induced hyperalgesia. However, the …

The metabolite itaconate has both anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
However, its influence on chronic pain is unclear. Here, we demonstrated that …

There is lack of evidence that topical application of an anti-inflammatory reagent could
reduce pain due to intervertebral foramen (IVF) inflammation (IVFI). We investigated …

Background The continuous search for a novel neuropathic pain drug with few or no side
effects has been a main focus of researchers for decades. This study investigated the …

Although it has been shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β)
facilitate perception of noxious inputs at the spinal level, the mechanisms have not been …