In this issue of the Journal, Telch et al.(1) examine the ability of methylene blue to augment
extinction learning in individuals with claustrophobic fear. The authors studied 42 individuals …

Fear extinction does not prevent post-traumatic stress or have long-term therapeutic benefits
in fear-related disorders unless extinction memories are easily retrieved at later encounters …

Adolescence is a peak time for the onset of psychiatric disorders, with anxiety disorders
being the most common and affecting as many as 30% of youths. A core feature of anxiety …

Fear extinction is an adaptive process whereby defensive responses are attenuated
following repeated experience of prior fear-related stimuli without harm. The formation of …

There are sex differences in the rates of many stress-sensitive psychological disorders such
as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala are …

Pavlovian conditioning paradigms have become important model systems for understanding
the neuroscience of behavior. In particular, studies of the extinction of Pavlovian fear …

Threat conditioning is a laboratory model of associative learning across species that is often
used in research on the etiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. At least 10 different …

Background In rodents, context specificity of Pavlovian extinction is attenuated by
manipulations that impair hippocampal function, including systemic administration of …

Rationale Emotionally traumatic experiences can lead to maladaptive memories that are
enduring and intrusive. The goal of exposure-based therapies is to extinguish conditioned …

Threat-anticipatory defensive responses have evolved to promote survival in a dynamic
world. While inherently adaptive, aberrant expression of defensive responses to potential …