Background Pretreatment drug resistance in people initiating or re-initiating antiretroviral
therapy (ART) containing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) might …

Background The emergence and spread of high levels of HIV-1 drug resistance in resource-
limited settings where combination antiretroviral treatment has been scaled up could …

Background There are few data on the epidemiology of primary HIV-1 drug resistance after
the roll-out of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to assess the …

Background The effect of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance on the response to first-line
combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We …

Background WHO has developed a global HIV-drug resistance surveillance strategy,
including assessment of pretreatment HIV-drug resistance. We aimed to do a nationally …

Background Increased access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in rising levels of
pretreatment human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance (PDR). This is the first …

Abstract Background South Africa has the largest public antiretroviral therapy (ART)
programme in the world. We assessed temporal trends in pretreatment HIV-1 drug …

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance may limit the
benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This cohort study examined patterns of drug …

Background. Resistance to antiretroviral combination therapy is associated with increased
mortality. Understanding the relative risks of emerging resistance to first-line therapy is of …

Antiretroviral-therapy rollout in resource-poor countries is often associated with limited, if
any, HIV-RNA monitoring. The effect of variable monitoring on the emergence of resistance …