(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (sum of which is
denoted as total NNAL) are metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone …

Background: The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-
butanone (NNK) and its reduction product in the body, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1 …

The tobacco‐specific nitrosamines N′‐nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4‐
(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK) are potent carcinogens for the rat …

Two major metabolites of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-
pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were previously shown to be highly persistent in human urine …

A new method was developed for the analysis of metabolites of the tobacco-specific lung
carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in human urine. The …

This study describes quantitation in smokers' urine of two metabolites of the tobacco-specific
lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). The metabolites are …

Incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer in the United States are significantly greater in
blacks than in whites. This disparity cannot be explained by differences in smoking behavior …

Abstract Background: Results of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study demonstrated that, for
the same quantity of cigarettes smoked, African Americans and Native Hawaiians have a …

Abstract The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
(NNK) is one of the most abundant carcinogens in smokeless tobacco products. NNK uptake …

Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) has been linked to increased risk for a
number of diseases, including lung cancer. The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4 …