The immune system is designed to protect the host from infection and injury. However, when
an adaptive immune response continues unchecked in the brain, the proinflammatory innate …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem disorder with characteristics of a chronic
inflammatory disease. To develop effective immunomodulatory interventions to combat PD …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and debilitating chronic disease that affects more
than six million people worldwide, with rising prevalence. The hallmarks of PD are motor …

Our understanding of the role of innate and adaptive immune cell function in brain health
and how it goes awry during aging and neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy …

During Parkinson's disease (PD), both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral
nervous system (PNS) are affected. In parallel, innate immune cells respond early to …

For many years, it was postulated that the brain is the organ behind the barrier with an
autonomous need for its maintenance. This view has been changed by the concept that the …

Innate and adaptive immunity affect the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In
particular, activation of microglia influences degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Cell-to …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-associated
neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease involving multiple
etiologies and pathogenesis, in which neuroinflammation is a common factor. Both …

The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and most likely involves numerous
environmental and heritable risk factors. Recent studies establish that central and peripheral …