Sex steroidal hormones coordinate the development and maintenance of tissue architecture
in many organs, including the central nervous systems (CNS). Within the CNS, sex steroids …

Sex steroids have been demonstrated as powerful compounds to protect neurones and
neural tissue from neurotoxic challenges and during neurodegeneration. A multitude of …

Gonadal steroid hormones are neurotrophic and neuroprotective. These effects are
modulated by local metabolism of the hormones within the brain. Such control is necessary …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease that shows a
female-to-male gender prevalence and alleviation of disease activity during late stage …

Sex steroids are thought to play a critical developmental role in shaping both cortical and
subcortical structures in the human brain. Periods of profound changes in sex steroids …

Neuroinflammation represents a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases
implicated both in their onset and progression. Neuroactive steroids act as physiological …

The brain has long been known as a dimorphic organ and as a target of sex steroids. It is
also a site for their synthesis. Sex steroids in numerous ways can modify cerebral …

The innate immune reaction takes place in the brain during immunogenic challenges, injury,
and disease. Such a response is highly regulated by numerous anti‐inflammatory …

Neuroinflammation is a physiological protective response in the context of infection and
injury. However, neuroinflammation, especially if chronic, may also drive …

Sex is an essential biological variable that significantly impacts multiple aspects of neural
functioning in both the healthy and diseased brain. Sex differences in brain structure and …