Variation in maternal care can lead to divergent developmental trajectories in offspring with
implications for neuroendocrine function and behavioral phenotypes. Study of the long-term …

This is a selective review that provides the context for the study of perinatal affective disorder
mechanisms and outlines directions for future research. We integrate existing literature …

As any new parent knows, having a baby provides opportunities for enrichment, learning
and stress–experiences known to change the adult brain. Yet surprisingly little is known …

During the perinatal period, the brain is particularly sensitive to remodelling by
environmental factors. Adverse early‐life experiences, such as stress exposure or …

Individual differences in psychoneuroendocrine function play an important role in health and
disease. Developmental models postulate that these individual differences evolve through a …

The postpartum period is associated with structural and functional plasticity in brain regions
involved in parenting. While one study identified an increase in gray matter volume during …

Adverse early experience, including prenatal maternal psychosocial stress, has the potential
to negatively influence developmental processes through both physiological and behavioral …

Animal studies indicate that early maternal care has long‐term effects on brain areas related
to social attachment and parenting, whereas neglectful mothering is linked with heightened …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Parental Care”. Though hormonal changes occurring
throughout pregnancy and at the time of parturition have been demonstrated to prime the …

PPD represents a significant public health problem with prevalence estimates ranging from
12% to 19% and clear negative implications for both maternal and infant health and …