Cytokines are soluble proteins secreted mainly by immune cells and are key players in the
induction and maintenance of pain. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are mostly algesic, while anti …

A high-intensity potentially tissue-injuring stimulus generates a homotopic response to
escape the stimulus and is associated with an affective phenotype considered to represent …

Enhanced pain is a component of the 'sickness response'which is an evolutionarily adaptive
constellation of responses that enhance the survival of the host. Proinflammatory cytokines …

Both pain and inflammation are protective responses. However, these self-limiting
conditions (with well-established negative feedback loops) become pathological if left …

Management of chronic pain is a real challenge, and current treatments that focus on
blocking neurotransmission in the pain pathway have resulted in limited success. Activation …

The immune system is critically involved in the development and maintenance of chronic
pain. However, T cells, one of the main regulators of the immune response, have only …

Neuropathic pain is a common and debilitating modality of chronic pain induced by a lesion
or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. Albeit the elucidation of numerous …

Cytotoxicity and consequent cell death pathways are a critical component of the immune
response to infection, disease or injury. While numerous examples of inflammation causing …

There is burgeoning interest in the interaction between the immune and nervous systems.
Pain is mediated by primary sensory neurons (nociceptors) that can respond to a variety of …

Cytokines are pluripotent soluble proteins secreted by immune and glial cells and are key
elements in the induction and maintenance of pain. They are categorized as pro …