This review examines recently recognized roles of immunological processes in pain
modulation and explores the potential implications of these immunologically derived …

Chronic pain is a significant problem worldwide and is the most common disability in the
United States. It is well known that the immune system plays a critical role in the …

Chronic pain represents one of the most serious worldwide medical problems, in terms of
both social and economic costs, often causing severe and intractable physical and …

Treatment of neuropathic pain is problematic; response to current pharmacological
interventions is often poor and associated with undesirable side-effects, thus the …

During neuropathic pain, glial cells (mainly astrocytes and microglia) become activated and
initiate a series of signaling cascades that modulate pain processing at both spinal and …

Pain is a hallmark of tissue injury, inflammatory diseases, pathogen invasion and
neuropathy. It is mediated by nociceptor sensory neurons that innervate the skin, joints …

While acute inflammation is a natural physiological response to tissue injury or infection,
chronic inflammation is maladaptive and engenders a considerable amount of adverse pain …

Vastly stimulated by the discovery of opioid receptors in the early 1970s, preclinical and
clinical research was directed at the study of stereoselective neuronal actions of opioids …

Tissue damage, inflammation or injury of the nervous system may result in chronic
neuropathic pain characterised by increased sensitivity to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia), the …

Recent evidence implicates an adaptive immune response in the central nervous system
(CNS) mechanisms of neuropathic pain. This review identifies how neuropathic pain alters …