The hepatic immune system is constantly exposed to a massive load of harmless dietary and
commensal antigens, to which it must remain tolerant. Immune tolerance in the liver is …

Background/Aims: Murine and human studies have documented the existence of
subpopulations of lymphocytes in particular tissues that differ phenotypically and functionally …

The physiological function of the liver–such as removal of pathogens and antigens from the
blood, protein synthesis and metabolism–requires an immune response that is adapted to …

The liver has a number of important functions in innate and adaptive immunity. Contributions
to the innate (nonspecific) immune system include production of acute phase proteins …

Blood circulating from the intestines to the liver is rich in bacterial products, environmental
toxins, and food antigens. To effectively and quickly defend against potentially toxic agents …

Receiving both portal vein blood and arterial blood, the liver is an important and critical
component in the defense against blood-borne infection. To accomplish this role, the liver …

The liver remains a hematopoietic organ after birth and can produce all leukocyte lineages
from resident hematopoietic stem cells. Hepatocytes produce acute phase proteins and …

Tissue-resident lymphocytes usually reside in barrier sites and are involved in innate and
adaptive immunity. In recent years, many studies have shown that multiple types of …

The liver is a central immunological organ with a high exposure to circulating antigens and
endotoxins from the gut microbiota, particularly enriched for innate immune cells …

The healthy liver of adult humans has little or no lymphocyte component and the histological
finding of intrahepatic lymphocytes (IHL) is evidence of liver pathology. In a liver injured by …