Highlights•The liver is the largest lymph producing organ, accounting for 25–50% of lymph
passing through the thoracic duct.•Lymphatic vessels are mostly located in the portal …

The liver is the largest solid organ in the body and has many unique immunological
properties, including induction of immune tolerance, strong innate immunity, poor adaptive …

The liver has unique immune regulatory functions that promote the induction of tolerance
rather than responses to antigens encountered locally. These functions are mediated by …

It is only during the last decade that the functions of sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer
cells, hepatic stellate cells, pit cells and other intrahepatic lymphocytes have been better …

Inflammation is a hallmark of virtually all liver diseases, such as liver cancer, fibrosis,
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and cholangiopathies. Liver …

The 'liver tolerance effect'mediates local and systemic tolerance to self and foreign antigens
and has been attributed to specialized resident cells expressing anti-inflammatory mediators …

Because of its unique blood supply, the liver maintains a special local immune tolerogenic
microenvironment. Moreover, the liver can impart this immune tolerogenic effect on other …

The liver has an established ability to induce tolerance. Recent evidence indicates that this
unique property might be related to its distinctive architecture allowing T cells to be …

The immune tolerance induced by the liver as an allograft is difficult to reconcile with the
evidence that the liver selectively accumulates activated T cells from the circulation …

Chemokines direct leukocyte trafficking and positioning within tissues, thus playing critical
roles in regulating immune responses and inflammation. The chemokine system is complex …