Until the 19th century, renewable raw materials were the major source of energy generation
and material use. With the Industrial Revolution, the use of coal increased sharply and coal …

The petrochemical industry, which is based on crude oil and natural gas, competes with the
energy providing industry for the same fossil raw material, but uses only 10% of it. This …

The 20th century saw the use of petroleum dominate the process industries and with it came
the birth and growth of chemical engineering and chemical technology. We now are …

For decades, chemical industry has relied heavily on the fossil oil sector. In recent years,
rapidly increasing oil prices, unstable supply, and potential fuel shortages have significantly …

The current development in the USA, dominated by cheap shale gas, will make a significant
impact on the production of basic chemicals. In this context, the paper addresses the …

Classical energy sources such as petroleum oil and natural gas make up the fundamental
materials on which modern industrial chemical parks are based. According to the finite …

The chemical process industries play an important role in the development of a country by
providing a wide variety of products and use raw material derived from petroleum and …

Once a leader in industrial innovation, the chemical industry has changed countless aspects
of modern life. From the plastic in the toothbrush we use in the morning, to the tires we drive …

Renewable resources currently attract increasing interest as a “new” raw material base for
industry out of many, mostly non-technical, reasons. Prominent among these reasons are …

The FRG has no economical access to crude oil. It is therefore an important future task to
organize a post‐fossil sustainable era of material economy and to develop new processes …