Since it has been considered acceptable to expose animal to conditions and procedures
that would not be considered acceptable for human, animals have long been used as …

Abstract The National Academy of Sciences publication, Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century:
A Vision and a Strategy, proposes a paradigm shift in toxicology from current animal-based …

Advances in science have led to a new vision for toxicity testing based on human cell
systems that will be more predictive, have higher throughput, cost less money, and be more …

The challenges of reducing and refining animal use in the assessment of safety and toxicity
of agents that may pose hazard to humans and the environment are immense. Therefore …

The use of high-dose and short-term exposure followed by extrapolation to human safety
has been the standard used by industry and regulatory agencies worldwide. In the United …

The application of in vitro models in evaluating the toxicity of toxicants has enhanced our
limited understanding of drugs and chemical-induced toxicity. From the public perspective …

Historically, the identification of potential toxicity associated with chemicals and agents has
employed higher‐animal (mammals) models and human observational data, though such …

It has not been possible in this review to consider thoroughly all possible methods of
alternative toxicology testing, but the examination of acute toxicity tests, eye irritancy testing …

Toxicology plays a pivotal role in driving global research and medicine. The complete
understanding of this science is definitely needed for human welfare and cure. In vitro …

Computer simulation can be used to integrate existing toxicity information within a
biologically realistic framework. Simulation models calculate relevant measures of target …