The need for a more mechanistic understanding of the ways in which chemicals modulate
biological pathways is urgent if we are to identify and better assess safety issues relating to …

Abstract The National Academy of Sciences publication, Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century:
A Vision and a Strategy, proposes a paradigm shift in toxicology from current animal-based …

Systems Toxicology aims to change the basis of how adverse biological effects of
xenobiotics are characterized from empirical end points to describing modes of action as …

With the release of the landmark report Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a
Strategy, the US National Academy of Sciences, in 2007, precipitated a major change in the …

The efforts of the committee that produced the report on Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century
reflected the need to look at the issue of assessing risks to humans from exposure to various …

Data derived from animal testing are challenging to interpret and sometimes insufficient to
enable regulators to reach conclusions related to the safety of a chemical. Animal data most …

Toxicology continues to rely heavily on use of animal testing for prediction of potential for
toxicity in humans. Where mechanisms of toxicity have been elucidated, for example …

Mechanistic toxicology has evolved by relying, to a large extent, on methodologies that
substitute or complement traditional animal tests. The biotechnology and informatics …

In 2007, the US National Research Council (NRC) released a report,“Toxicity Testing in the
21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy,” that proposes a paradigm shift for toxicity testing of …

Despite wide-spread consensus on the need to transform toxicology and risk assessment in
order to keep pace with technological and computational changes that have revolutionized …