Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from an autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β
cells. The incidence of T1D is on the rise globally around 3% to 5% per year and rapidly …

Background Pancreatic β-cells are the insulin factory of an organism with a mission to
regulate glucose homeostasis in the body. Due to their high secretory activity, β-cells rely on …

Type 2 diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose in the
context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency by β‐cell failure. Even if the …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular compartment responsible for multiple important
cellular functions including the biosynthesis and folding of newly synthesized proteins …

Accumulating evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a role in the
pathogenesis of diabetes, contributing to pancreatic β-cell loss and insulin resistance …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a multifunctional role in lipid biosynthesis, calcium
storage, protein folding, and processing. Thus, maintaining ER homeostasis is essential for …

Overwhelming of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)—referred to as “ER
stress”—activates a set of intracellular signaling pathways termed the unfolded protein …

Increasing evidence suggests that stress signaling pathways emanating from the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are important to the pathogenesis of both type 1 and type 2 …

Unlike type 2 diabetes which is caused by the loss of insulin sensitivity, type 1 diabetes
(T1D) is manifested by the absolute deficiency of insulin secretion due to the loss of β mass …

The notion that in diabetes pancreatic β-cells express endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
markers indicative of increased unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling is no longer in …