In vivo imaging using magnetic resonance techniques helps to investigate one of the most
common psychiatric diseases worldwide: substance dependence. Its individual …

Background Previous neuroimaging studies have investigated reward-processing
dysfunction in major depressive disorder and have led to the common finding that major …

Background Previous research in patients with psychotic disorder has shown reduced
activation in the brain's reward system (ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), ventral …

Dopamine plays an important role in goal-directed behavior, through its modulatory
influence on striatal neurons. It is unclear whether tonic dopamine levels, which regulate the …

Atypical neuroleptics, unlike typical neuroleptics, lead to less severe blockage of the
dopaminergic neurotransmission in the ventral striatum, the most important structure of the …

Anhedonia, the loss of pleasure or motivation for usually enjoyable activities and rewards, is
an established cardinal symptom in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) whose underlying …

Experimental work in animals has identified numerous neural structures involved in reward
processing and reward-dependent learning. Until recently, this work provided the primary …

It is well established that Parkinson's disease leads to impaired learning from reward and
enhanced learning from punishment. The administration of dopaminergic medications …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive tool used to probe cognitive
and affective processes. Although fMRI provides indirect measures of neural activity, the …

Objectives: Reward learning is critical for survival. Animal research emphasizes the role of
dopaminergic (DA) mesocorticolimbic pathways in reward learning, but few studies have …