Influenza virus infections pose a continuous threat to human health. Although vaccines
function as a preventive and protective tool, they may not be effective due to antigen drift or …

ABSTRACT Since 2013, H7N9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have caused more than 1,500
human infections and the culling of millions of poultry. Despite large-scale poultry …

Due to antigenic drift and shift of influenza A viruses (IAV) and the tendency to elicit
predominantly strain-specific antibodies, humanity remains susceptible to new strains of …

The persistent evolution and circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses
pose a serious threat to global heath and hamper pandemic preparedness through …

Most neutralizing antibodies elicited during influenza virus infection or by vaccination have a
narrow spectrum because they usually target variable epitopes in the globular head region …

Background The outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases caused by pathogens such as
SARS coronavirus, H5N1, H1N1, and recently H7N9 influenza viruses, have been …

Improved broad-spectrum influenza virus vaccines are desperately needed to provide
protection against both drifted seasonal and emerging pandemic influenza A viruses (IAVs) …

Influenza viruses of the H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 subtypes have caused previous
pandemics. H2 influenza viruses represent a pandemic threat due to continued circulation in …

Influenza A (H3N2) viruses are associated with outbreaks worldwide and can cause disease
with severe complications. The impact can be reduced by vaccination, which induces …

The epitope sequences within the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus H3N2 at amino
acid residues 173–181 and 227–239 that forms anti-parallel β-sheet structure are similarly …