Agreement between raters on a categorical scale is not only a subject of scientific research
but also a problem frequently encountered in practice. Whenever a new scale is developed …

Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa are two standard tools for describing the degree of
agreement between two observers on a categorical scale. For agreement tables with three …

In 1960, Cohen introduced the kappa coefficient to measure chance‐corrected nominal
scale agreement between two raters. Since then, numerous extensions and generalizations …

The paper presents inequalities between four descriptive statistics that have been used to
measure the nominal agreement between two or more raters. Each of the four statistics is a …

Cohen's kappa is a widely used association coefficient for summarizing interrater agreement
on a nominal scale. Kappa reduces the ratings of the two observers to a single number. With …

One of the characteristics of Cohen's kappa (κ) is that any discrepancy between raters is
equally weighted as zero. On the other hand, any agreement means absolute agreement …

Cohen's κ measures the improvement in classification above chance level and it is the most
popular measure of interjudge agreement. Yet, there is considerable confusion about its …

Cohen's unweighted kappa and weighted kappa are popular descriptive statistics for
measuring agreement between two raters on a categorical scale. With m≥ 3 raters, there …

Agreement analysis is an important tool that has been widely used in medical, social,
biological, physical and behavioral sciences. Though there are many different ways of …

Cohen's kappa is the most widely used descriptive measure of interrater agreement on a
nominal scale. A measure that has repeatedly been proposed in the literature as an …