The liver is a central immunological organ with a high exposure to circulating antigens and
endotoxins from the gut microbiota, particularly enriched for innate immune cells …

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In most cases infection with hepatitis C results in chronic infection as
a consequence of viral subversion and failed anti-viral immune responses. The suggestion …

The liver has unique immune regulatory functions that promote the induction of tolerance
rather than responses to antigens encountered locally. These functions are mediated by …

The mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), comprised of monocytes, macrophages, and
dendritic cells, is essential in tissue homeostasis and in determining the balance of the …

Hepatitis C virus infection and its associated liver inflammatory disease is a major global
health problem affecting over 170 million people worldwide. Following viral infection …

From an immunological point of view, the healthy liver has been usually associated with the
phenomenon of tolerance. A microenvironment of regulatory cytokines produced by liver …

Acute liver failure (ALF) remains a worldwide problem. The innate immune system acts as
an important regulator of ALF. Kupffer cells (KCs), the resident macrophages in liver, play a …

Chemokines direct leukocyte trafficking and positioning within tissues, thus playing critical
roles in regulating immune responses and inflammation. The chemokine system is complex …

Purpose It was reported from this laboratory that Kupffer cells (KCs) were activated in
patients infected with HCV. Since dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages were …

Kupffer cells form a large intravascular macrophage bed in the liver sinusoids. The
differentiation history and diversity of Kupffer cells is disputed; some studies argue that they …