Germinal centers (GCs) are crucial structures for regulating B cell differentiation and fine-
tuning antibody responses. IL-21 has broad effects on many immune and non-immune cells …

Abstract Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is overproduced in multiple
autoimmune settings. Provision of IL-21 from follicular helper T cells is an important …

Germinal centers (GC) are the sites of B cell clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation and
clonal selection, a process that leads to the production of antibodies of higher affinity [1](# ref …

Cytokines play critical roles in regulating the development, survival, differentiation, and
function of immune cells. Cytokines exert their function by binding specific receptor …

Germinal centers (GCs) are sites of B cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation, and selection
of variants with improved affinity for antigen. Long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells are …

Germinal centers (GCs), transient structures within B cell follicles and central to affinity
maturation, require the coordinated behavior of T and B cells. IL-21, a pleiotropic T cell …

The expansion of antigen-specific T and B cells and generation of germinal centers (GC) are
prerequisites for long-lasting, high-affinity antibody-mediated immune protection. Affinity for …

IL-21 is a type I cytokine that shares the common receptor γ-chain with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9,
and IL-15. B cells are one of the lymphoid cell types whose development and function are …

The cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a pivotal T cell-derived signal crucial for germinal
center (GC) responses, but the precise mechanisms by which IL-21 influences B cell …

Accumulating studies demonstrate that IL-21 modulates the differentiation of various CD4
and CD8 T cell subsets and provide insights into the underlying cellular and molecular …