Abstract Type I CRISPR–Cas systems are the most abundant adaptive immune systems in
bacteria and archaea,. Target interference relies on a multi-subunit, RNA-guided complex …

Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems are characterized by effector modules consisting of single,
large, multidomain proteins that appear to have been derived from mobile genetic elements …

Used widely for genome editing, CRISPR-Cas enzymes provide RNA-guided immunity to
microbes by targeting foreign nucleic acids for cleavage. We show here that the native …

CRISPR-Cas systems have shown tremendous promise as heterologous tools for genome
editing and transcriptional regulation. Because these RNA-directed immune systems are …

CRISPR-Cas systems are now widely used for genome editing and transcriptional
regulation in diverse organisms. The compact and portable nature of class 2 single effector …

The CRISPR-associated enzyme Cas9 is an RNA-guided endonuclease that uses RNA:
DNA base-pairing to target and cleave foreign DNA as part of an adaptive immune system in …

Establishment of production platforms through prokaryotic engineering in microbial
organisms would be one of the most efficient means for chemicals, protein, and biofuels …

Methods to regulate gene expression programs in bacterial cells are limited by the absence
of effective gene activators. To address this challenge, we have developed synthetic …

As a phenotypically and phylogenetically diverse group, lactic acid bacteria are found in a
variety of natural environments and occupy important roles in medicine, biotechnology, food …

Prokaryotes immunize themselves against transmissible genetic elements by the integration
(acquisition) in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) loci of …