Simple Summary Cancer is a global public health issue. The development and use of in vitro
cellular models with pre-clinical animal models are essential to elucidate the complex …

Cancer cells propagated in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems exhibit physiologically
relevant cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, gene expression and signaling pathway …

In comparison with 2D cell culture models, 3D spheroids are able to accurately mimic some
features of solid tumors, such as their spatial architecture, physiological responses …

New cancer drug approval rates are≤ 5% despite significant investments in cancer
research, drug discovery and development. One strategy to improve the rate of success of …

Cancer is a multifactorial disease that is responsible for 10 million deaths per year. The intra-
and inter-heterogeneity of malignant tumors make it difficult to develop single targeted …

Simple Summary Presently, the investigation of the tumor is carried out using different
models. One of the promising areas is the creation of 3D tumor models, such as spheroids …

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Around 90% of deaths are
caused by metastasis and just 10% by primary tumor. The advancement of treatment …

Traditional tumor models cannot perfectly simulate the real state of tumors in vivo, resulting
in the termination of many clinical trials. 3D tumor models' technology provides new in vitro …

Most cancer biologists still rely on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture
techniques to test in vitro anti-tumor drugs prior to in vivo testing. However, the vast majority …

Tumors are three-dimensional tissues where close contacts between cancer cells,
intercellular interactions between cancer and stromal cells, adhesion of cancer cells to the …