Casts of forelimb elements of the Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus
atokensis were manually manipulated to determine range of motion and infer function. It was …

Small fishes living in fast‐flowing rivers face a harsh environment as they can easily be
swept away by the rapid currents. To survive such circumstances, teleosts evolved a wide …

The teleost neurocranium houses the brain and sense organs, articulates with the upper jaw
and suspensorium, and provides the attachment site for muscles involved in feeding …

The hypertrophied manual claws and modified manus of megaraptoran theropods represent
an unusual morphological adaptation among carnivorous dinosaurs. The skeleton of …

Our understanding of feeding mechanisms in lower vertebrates has been limited by the lack
of studies on elasmobranchs, the most basal living gnathostome group. Jaw suspension …

The giant sauropods of the Late Jurassic are among the most familiar dinosaurs, by virtue of
their immense sizes and their improbably elongated necks. Although many other …

The necks of the sauropod dinosaurs reached 15 m in length: six times longer than that of
the world record giraffe and five times longer than those of all other terrestrial animals …

The typical mammalian neck consisting of seven cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) was
established by the Late Permian in the cynodont forerunners of modern mammals. This …

External morphological metrics have featured prominently in comparative studies examining
the morphological convergence that characterizes anoline ecomorphs. To what degree the …

Secondary marine adaptation is a major pattern in amniote evolution, accompanied by
specific bone histological adaptations. In the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction …