Macrophages are found across all vertebrate species, reside in virtually all animal tissues,
and play critical roles in host protection and homeostasis. Various mechanisms determine …

Overcrowding conditions and temperatures shifts regularly manifest in large-scale infections
of farmed fish, resulting in economic losses for the global aquaculture industries. Increased …

During infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery
of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal …

Macrophages exist in most tissues and play a variety of functions in vertebrates. Teleost fish
species are found in most aquatic environments throughout the world and are quite diverse …

Early activation and coordination of innate defenses are critical for effective responses
against infiltrating pathogens. Rapid engagement of immune cells provides a critical first line …

Acute inflammation is crucial to the immune responses of fish. The process protects the host
from infection and is central to induction of subsequent tissue repair programs. Activation of …

Over 100 years after the first description of macrophages by Metchnikoff, there are still
questions as to the mechanisms leading to the heterogeneity of their lineage. Current views …

The innate immune responses of early vertebrates, such as bony fishes, play a central role
in host defence against infectious diseases and one of the most important effector cells of …

Neutrophils are essential to the acute inflammatory response, where they serve as the first
line of defense against infiltrating pathogens. We report that, on receiving the necessary …

In this review, we focus on four different activation states of fish macrophages. In vitro,
stimulation with microbial ligands induces the development of innate activated macrophages …