We recorded the electroencephalographic (EEG) responses evoked by transcranial
magnetic stimulation (TMS) during the first rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episode of the …

When subjects become unconscious, there is a characteristic change in the way the cerebral
cortex responds to perturbations, as can be assessed using transcranial magnetic …

High thalamocortical neuronal activity characterizes both, wakefulness and rapid eye
movement (REM) sleep, but apparently this network fulfills other roles than processing …

By employing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in combination with high-density
electroencephalography (EEG), we recently reported that cortical effective connectivity is …

The neuronal connectivity patterns that differentiate consciousness from unconsciousness
remain unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that effective connectivity, as assessed …

In a recent series of experiments we recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) response to
a direct cortical stimulation in humans during wakefulness, NREM sleep, REM sleep and …

Consciousness is reduced during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep due to changes in
brain function that are still poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that impaired …

Regional differences in sleep EEG dynamics indicate that sleep-related brain activity
involves local brain processes with sleep stage specific activity patterns of neuronal …

Prolonged wakefulness is associated not only with obvious changes in the way we feel and
perform but also with well-known clinical effects, such as increased susceptibility to seizures …

We normally assess another individual's level of consciousness based on her or his ability to
interact with the surrounding environment and communicate. Usually, if we observe …