Introduction: The RAS/RAF/MAP kinase–ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular-signal-regulated
kinase (ERK)(MAPK) and the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)(PI3K) …

Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are commonly activated by
mutations and chromosomal translocation in vital targets. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling …

RAS proteins are small GTPases known for their involvement in oncogenesis: around 25%
of human tumors present mutations in a member of this family. RAS operates in a complex …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling pathways involved in
the regulation of normal cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Aberrant regulation of …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway, often known as the RAS-RAF-MEK-
ERK signal cascade, functions to transmit upstream signals to its downstream effectors to …

Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway is the most well-studied of the MAPK cascades
and is critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Abnormalities in regulation …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

The Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Ras-ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-
mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-mTOR) signaling pathways are the chief mechanisms …

The mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) pathway is one of the
best-characterized kinase cascades in cancer cell biology. It is triggered by either growth …

Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and …