Abstract The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway plays a crucial role in various
cellular processes and is aberrantly activated in cancers, contributing to the occurrence and …

The Ras→ Raf→ MEK (mitogen-activated kinase kinase)→ ERK (extracellular-
signalregulated kinase) signalling pathway is one of at least five mitogen-activated protein …

MEK inhibitor has been highlighted as a promising anti-tumor drug but its effect has been
reported as varying over a wide range depending on patho-physiological conditions. In this …

Ras proteins are essential mediators of a multitude of cellular processes, and its
deregulation is frequently associated with cancer appearance, progression, and metastasis …

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated (MAPK/ERK) pathway
is activated by upstream genomic events and/or activation of multiple signaling events in …

MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) or ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)
pathway is an important link in the transition from extracellular signals to intracellular …

Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), the only known substrate of
MEK1/2, is located downstream of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK (MAPK) pathway and is …

Abstract The RAS-RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway is a key signal transduction pathway in the
cells. Critically, it remains constitutively active in approximately 30% of human cancers …

The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade that integrates an extreme variety of extracellular
stimuli into key biological responses controlling cell proliferation, differentiation or death is …

Since the discovery of the role of ras oncogenes in tumorigenesis, we have witnessed an
explosion of research in the signal transduction area. In the quest to understand how Ras …