Acid− base disorders are common in the critically ill. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is
frequently used to identify and manage acid− base disturbances. Using a systematic …

Acid-base derangements are encountered frequently in clinical practice and many have life-
threatening implications. Treatment is dependent on correctly identifying the acid-base …

Background: Intensivists spend much of their time managing problems related to fluids,
electrolytes, and blood pH. Recent advances in the understanding of acid-base physiology …

Diagnosis and management of acid-base disorders ranks high among the medical problems
that intimidate many physicians. In practice, acid-base disorders can be approached very …

This chapter describes acid-base and electrolyte homeostasis and pathophysiology and
presents an organized approach to critical acid-base and electrolyte disorders. Acid-base …

Stewart and beyond: New models of acid-base balance. The Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation and the base excess have been used traditionally to describe the acid-base …

Mixed acid–base disorders are common in hospitalized patients and particularly when
severe can affect the clinical outcome. Diagnosis of these disturbances requires a …

In part one of this review (I), we analyzed the changes in acid-base balance induced by
dialysis and showed that the range of normal values depends on the mode of dialysis …

Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a decrease of the blood pH associated with a
decrease in the bicarbonate concentration. This may be secondary to a decrease in the …