This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction What is bias? Tools for assessing quality
and risk of bias Introduction to sources of bias in clinical trials The Cochrane Collaboration's …

Bias can arise because of the actions of primary study investigators or because of the
actions of review authors, or may be unavoidable due to constraints on how research can be …

Abstract Background The Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized clinical trials was
introduced in 2008 and has frequently been commented on and used in systematic reviews …

Background Assessing the risk of bias in individual studies in a systematic review can be
done using individual components or by summarizing the study quality in an overall score …

This chapter details version 2 of the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for randomized trials (RoB
2), the recommended tool for use in Cochrane Reviews. The RoB 2 tool is structured into …

Abstract Background In 2008, the Cochrane Collaboration introduced a tool for assessing
the risk of bias in clinical trials included in Cochrane reviews. The risk of bias (RoB) tool is …

Objectives To assess the reliability of the Cochrane Risk of Bias (ROB) tool between
individual raters and across consensus agreements of pairs of reviewers and examine the …

Objective The objective of the study is to assess the interrater reliability (IRR) and usability of
the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). Study Design and …

Flaws in the design of randomized trials may bias intervention effect estimates and increase
between-trial heterogeneity. Empirical evidence suggests that these problems are greatest …

Our confidence in the results of research studies is a ected by how they are designed,
conducted and reported. In ideal circumstances, all studies would accurately determine the …