Personalized or precision medicine has been used to describe the right drug to the right
person at the right dose at the right time. One important aspect of personalized medicines is …

Gene polymorphism and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) called" snips" might play a
pivotal role in the future of the clinical therapy. Although not much is known about the …

The extent of genetic variation found in drug metabolism genes and its contribution to
interindividual variation in response to medication remains incompletely understood. To …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that affects 0.5–1.0%
of the general population. 1 As the disease progresses, the inflammatory process of the …

The human CYP3A subfamily plays a dominant role in the metabolic elimination of more
drugs than any other biotransformation enzyme. CYP3A enzyme is localized in the liver and …

The standard dose of piroxicam for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in adults is 20 mg
once daily. But for all patients, the lowest effective dose of piroxicam should be used for the …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic heterogeneous autoimmune disorder of unknown
etiology resulting in inflammation in the synovium, cartilage, and bone. Genetic factors play …

Leflunomide is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug used for the treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis (RA). Cytochromes P450, mainly CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 might be involved in the …

Inherited variation in the function of the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP2C19 was first
observed 40 years ago. The SNP variants which underpin loss of CYP2C19 function have …

The outcome of treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is considerably variable and is also unpredictable. It would …