Almost fifty years have passed since 1949 when Dowling (14) used an egg-saline medium,
developed by Hammond (26) for mouse embryos to culture 8-cell bovine embryos to the 16 …

Despite advantages of in vitro embryo production in many species, widespread use of this
technology is limited by generally lower developmental competence of in vitro derived …

The mammalian preimplantation/pre-attachment embryo undergoes considerable changes
in its physiology and energy metabolism as it proceeds from the zygote to the blastocyst …

In vitro production of ruminant embryos has become routine and is increasingly available as
a commercial service to dairy, meat and wool producers. However, the efficiency of …

Although some information is available on the nutrient requirements of preimplantation
stages of mammalian embryos, much more work is required before we have a …

Progress and changes in embryo technology in farm animals are briefly reviewed in terms of
how well embryos can be made and used and what the subject has taught us about the …

With a few notable exceptions, mammalian preimplantation embryos grown in vitro are likely
to exhibit sub-optimal or retarded development. This may be manifested in different ways …

Particular attention has been paid to the pre-hatching period of embryonic development
although blastocyst development is a poor indicator of embryo viability. Post-hatching …

The study of preimplantation mammalian embryo development is challenging due to
difficulties in accessing in vivo-derived embryos in large numbers at the early stages and the …

Tests of the viability of preimplantation embryos prior to culture have to date been limited to
morphological examination with the light microscope. Although relatively easy to …