Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the
anterior–posterior and dorsal–ventral axes has been increasingly well characterized, the left …

Patterning of all tissues and organs in the vertebrate embryo occurs along the dorsoventral
(DV), anteroposterior (AP), and left–right (LR) body axes. Whereas significant progress has …

Although it has long been clear that correct development of left–right (LR) asymmetry
requires that tissues in the early embryo know whether they lie to the left or right of the …

Cellular and molecular left–right differences that are present in the mesodermal heart fields
suggest that the heart is lateralized from its inception. Left–right asymmetry persists as the …

Although vertebrates seem to be essentially bilaterally symmetrical on the exterior, there are
numerous interior left–right asymmetries in the disposition and placement of internal organs …

▪ Abstract A distinctive and essential feature of the vertebrate body is a pronounced left-right
asymmetry of internal organs and the central nervous system. Remarkably, the direction of …

Vertebrates appear bilaterally symmetric but an internal left–right (L–R) axis is revealed by
the placement of asymmetric organs about the midline. For example, the human heart is …

The bilaterally symmetric body plan of vertebrates features several consistent asymmetries
in the placement, structure, and function of organs such as the heart, intestine, and brain …

Proper morphogenesis and positioning of internal organs requires delivery and
interpretation of precise signals along the anterior‐posterior, dorsal‐ventral, and left‐right …

Extensive studies have shown how bilateral symmetry of the vertebrate embryo is broken
during early development, resulting in a molecular left-right bias in the mesoderm. However …