Variability in disease presentation and course is a hallmark of cancer. Variability is seen
among similarly diagnosed cancers in different patients or animal hosts and in the same …

Intratumor heterogeneity represents a major obstacle to effective cancer treatment and
personalized medicine. However, investigators are now elucidating intratumor heterogeneity …

Objective To accurately evaluate tumor heterogeneity, make multidimensional diagnosis
according to the causes and phenotypes of tumor heterogeneity, and assist in the …

It is now appreciated that cancers can be composed of multiple clonal subpopulations of
cancer cells which differ among themselves in many properties, including karyotype, growth …

Genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity (the main form of non‐genetic heterogeneity) are key
elements in cancer progression and drug resistance, as they provide needed population …

Cancer heterogeneity, long recognized as an important clinical determinant of patient
outcomes, was poorly understood at a molecular level. Genomic studies have significantly …

Evolution and natural selection of tumoral clones in the process of transformation and the
following carcinogenesis can be called natural clonal evolution. Its main driving factors are …

T quire more aggressive characteristics and more malignant behavior has long been
recognized, and termed “tumor progression.” Foulds' pointed out that this phenomenon often …

Simple Summary Cancer heterogeneity, which occurs in most cancer patients, has been
known and studied by experienced pathologists since the early 19th century. Intratumoral …

Based on the gene and pathway centric concept of cancer, current approaches to cancer
drug treatment have been focused on key molecular targets specific and essential for cancer …