Proteins that recognize the components and products of microorganisms have an important
role in innate immunity. Here, I focus on recent advances in our understanding of the …

Host defense against microbes requires the development of an efficient immune response
aimed to eradicate the source of infection. Through the expression of a battery of germ-line …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important point of first contact between host and microbe,
and once activated generate signals which culminate in the induction of genes important for …

The last decade of the 20th century witnessed a dramatic expansion in the field of
immunology, including major discoveries that markedly increased our understanding of …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in host defense against a variety of
microbial pathogens. We addressed the mechanism by which TLRs contribute to host …

Innate immunity is the first-line host defense of multicellular organisms that rapidly operates
to limit infection upon exposure to infectious agents. In addition, the cells and molecules …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the detection of invading pathogens in the
body. Individual TLRs recognize distinct components derived from pathogens, which is …

Abstract Families of innate immune receptors serve as the bodies primary defence system
by recognising and rapidly responding to infection by microorganisms or to endogenous …

The interleukin‐1 receptor (IL‐1R)/Toll‐like receptor (TLR) superfamily was first defined in
1998 as a family of proteins that contain the Toll‐IL‐1 receptor domain. At that time, there …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is one of the most important signaling cascades of the
innate immune system of vertebrates. Studies in invertebrates have focused on the fruit fly …