Poor psychological outcomes are common among trauma survivors, yet not all survivors
experience adverse sequelae. The present study examined links between cumulative …

Abstract The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM‐
IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) emphasizes life threat as the defining …

Several categories of posttrauma appraisals (eg, fear, shame, self-blame) have been
associated with different forms of trauma-related distress (eg, posttraumatic stress disorder …

In cases of interpersonal violence, betrayal may take the form of caregivers' or trusted
partners' perpetration of violence. Some forms of trauma are less likely to involve social …

The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of betrayal trauma in explaining
why women report higher rates of posttraumatic stress than men. Betrayal trauma theory …

How do participants feel about trauma history questions in research? We asked 528
undergraduate and community participants to answer three questions about their …

Betrayal trauma, or trauma perpetrated by someone with whom a victim is close, is strongly
associated with a range of negative psychological and physical health outcomes. However …

Extensive research has reported a dose-response relationship between exposure to trauma
and the severity of both dissociation and psychopathology. However, certain types of trauma …

In the current study we sought, first, to distinguish associations with health arising from types
of trauma as indicated by betrayal trauma theory (Freyd, 1996, 2001), and, second, to …

This conceptual framework for the effects of traumatic experiences addresses what makes
an experience traumatic, what psychological responses are expected following such events …