Abstract Tinbergen's classic “On Aims and Methods of Ethology”(Zeitschrift für
Tierpsychologie, 20, 1963) proposed four levels of explanation of behavior, which he …

Levels of analysis are crucial to the progress of science. They frame the epistemological
boundaries of a discipline, chart its explanatory goals, help scientists to avoid needless …

This year marks the 60th year anniversary of the publication of Niko Tinbergen's “On aims
and methods of ethology” which remains influential among today's biologists and social …

The reviewer states that Tinbergen's book (see record 2004-16480-000) was modest in size
and modest in style, but it provided at least two major organizing ideas and an array of …

Nature-nurture is unfit to account for the seamless co-determination of behavior by biological
evolution and culture. The environment is the shaping causal factor both in evolutionary …

Evolutionary theory is one of the most wide-ranging and inspiring scientific ideas, and it
offers a battery of methods that can be used to interpret human behaviour. However …

Evolutionary theory is one of the most wide-ranging and inspiring of scientific ideas. It offers
a battery of methods that can be used to interpret human behaviour. But the legitimacy of this …

It is truly unfortunate that the authors chose such a generic title for the book Sense and
Nonsense, for it does not adequately convey the contents of the book, or even hint at the …

Abstract In 1963, Niko Tinbergen published his foundational manuscript identifying the four
questions we ask in animal behavior—how does the behavior emerge across the lifespan …

Abstract Nobel laureate Niko Tinbergen laid the foundations for the scientific study of animal
behavior with his work on causation, development, function and evolution. In this book, an …