purpose. To clarify whether endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
(PPARγ) and its ligand, rosiglitazone, affect retinal leukostasis and the associated vascular …

Two independent clinical studies have reported that fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-
activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, has robust therapeutic effects on microvascular …

Purpose: Clinical studies have shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
(PPARα) agonist fenofibrate has therapeutic effects on diabetic retinopathy (DR). The …

The retinal vessels have two barriers: the retinal pigment epithelium and the retinal vascular
endothelium. Each barrier exhibits increased permeability under various pathological …

Purpose.: Previous studies have demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor-alpha (PPARα) agonists have therapeutic effects in diabetic retinopathy, although …

Purpose.: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced retinal vascular permeability
contributes to diabetic macular edema (DME), a serious vision-threatening condition …

Retinal vascular leakage, inflammation, and neovascularization (NV) are features of diabetic
retinopathy (DR). Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα) …

Dysfunctional insulin signaling is a key component of type 2 diabetes. Little is understood of
the effects of systemic diabetes on retinal insulin signaling. A number of agents are used to …

Purpose.: Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist, has
anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective effects on vascular tissue and may reduce …

Background and Objective: Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) leads to massive loss of retinal
ganglion cells (RGCs) and characterizes several blind-causing ophthalmic diseases …