Acute exacerbations are significant events in the course of COPD. The pathogenesis of
exacerbations was poorly understood, specifically, the role of bacteria was highly …

Our understanding of the pathogenesis and consequences of acute exacerbations of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has increased considerably in the past …

The role of infection in exacerbations of COPD remains controversial and incompletely
understood. Although some investigators believe that bacteria are not important for patients …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic respiratory
condition in adults and is characterized by progressive airflow limitation that is not fully …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are important events that
contribute to worsening health status, disease progression, and mortality. They are mainly …

A vicious circle of infection and inflammation in the airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) could cause progressive lung damage and contribute to progressive loss of …

Microorganisms, particularly bacteria, are frequently found in the lower airways of COPD
patients, both in stable state and during exacerbations. The host–pathogen relationship in …

Exacerbations of COPD are thought to be caused by interactions between host factors,
bacteria, viruses, and changes in air quality to produce increased inflammation in the lower …

Exacerbations of COPD are thought to be caused by complex interactions between the host,
bacteria, viruses, and environmental pollution. These factors increase the inflammatory …

COPD patients have alterations in their lung microbiome that may result in chronic infection
with potentially pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) even in periods of clinical stability and …