The study presents the results of an experiment on programmers' descriptions and
understanding. The 12 participants, students of computing, have produced notes on Turing's …

This paper presents five abstract characteristics of the mental representation of computer
programs hierarchical structure, explicit mapping of code to goals, foundation on recognition …

The long-term goal of the Programmer's Apprentice project is to develop a theory of how
expert programmers analyze, synthesize, modify, explain, specify, verify, and document …

Research into how programs are constructed has shown that an important factor is the
programmer's ability to construct mental models of the system and translate them into a …

This article reports on an experiment on the organization and use of programming
knowledge. Novice and expert programmers made timed decisions about the structure and …

In the process of learning a computer language, beginning programmers may develop
mental models for the language. A mental model refers to the user's conception of the …

A new version of the classic and widely used text adapted for the JavaScript programming
language. Since the publication of its first edition in 1984 and its second edition in 1996 …

We have been investigating the cognitive underpinnings of how programmers—novices and
experts—read and write computer programs. Our approach has been to employ a cycle of …

This paper presents a model of how programming knowledge can be represented by five
cognitive levels: lexical, syntactic, semantic, schematic, and conceptual. These levels are …

This paper presents a proposal for the formal definition of the Basic Language (Dartmouth
College, 1970), based on the method of definition developed by Lucas et al.(1968) and as …