Gonadal steroids clearly influence the course of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in
women. This observation has suggested that these hormones have beneficial effects on the …

Animal studies evaluating gender difference, the effects of gonadectomy and estrogen
replacement and clinical studies in post-menopausal women with and without estrogen …

Epidemiological studies indicate a lower incidence of coronary heart disease in
premenopausal women compared with age-matched men and post-menopausal women …

Myocardial infarction is the major cause of death in the Western world. Men are more prone
to develop coronary artery disease than women, who rarely develop coronary disease …

I. Introduction F EMALE hormones are broadly recognized as affecting susceptibility to
vascular disease, yet comparatively little is known about the cellular mechanisms by which …

The effects of estrogen on the female reproductive system are well known. In contrast,
comparatively recent research has demonstrated that estrogen also exerts specific effects on …

▪ Abstract Estrogens prevent heart disease in women and have also been shown to retard
atherogenesis in animal models. Estrogens may act at several steps in the atherogenic …

This article reviews historical studies and recent advances regarding the direct effects of
estrogen on the blood vessel wall. It is organized into two sections that summarize effects of …

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in men
and women worldwide. Although rare in premenopausal women, its incidence rises sharply …

The incidence of cardiovascular disease is low in healthy premenopausal women and
increases with age especially after the menopause; this difference has been attributed to the …