B cells have been known for their ability to present antigens to T cells for almost 40 years.
However, the precise roles of B cell antigen presentation in various immune responses are …

B lymphocytes are regarded as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) despite their
primary role in humoral immunity. Over the last two decades, studies designed to define the …

In this review, we describe the non‐antibody‐mediated functions of B cells within the
immune system. In addition to antibody production, B cells also present antigen to T cells …

Highlights•B cells preferentially respond to membrane-associated antigens.•Two main cell
types, macrophages and follicular dendritic cells, implicated in presentation of native antigen …

B cells are essential for humoral immunity, but the role that they have in regulating CD4+ T
cell responses remains controversial. However, new data showing that the transient …

According to the current model, naive B cell activation is dependent on the sequential
integration of two signals: B cell receptor (BCR) cross‐linking by antigen, followed by …

The role of B cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) has been extensively studied, mainly
in relation to the activation of memory T cells. Considering the B cell subtypes, the role of B-1 …

B cells have been long studied for their role and function in the humoral immune system.
Apart from generating antibodies and an antibody-mediated memory response against …

High-affinity class-switched Abs and memory B cells are products of the germinal center
(GC). The CD4+ T cell help required for the development and maintenance of the GC is …

As one of the most important weapons against infectious diseases, vaccines have saved
countless lives since their first use in the late eighteenth century. Antibodies produced by …