Strains containing ppGpp, a nucleotide whose synthesis is dependent on the RelA and
SpoT proteins of Escherichia coli, display slightly lower rRNA promoter activity and much …

The phage shock protein (psp) operon (pspABCE) of Escherichia coli is strongly induced in
response to a variety of stressful conditions or agents such as filamentous phage infection …

The in vivo activities of seven constitutive promoters in Escherichia coli have been
determined as functions of growth rate in wild-type relA+ spoT+ strains with normal levels of …

Guanosine 3′, 5′-bispyrophosphate (ppGpp), also known as “magic spot,” has been
shown to bind prokaryotic RNA polymerase to down-regulate ribosome production and …

The effects of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine pentaphosphate
(pppGpp), both produced by E. coli, were measured on the activities of several genes in a …

Bacteria use dedicated mechanisms to respond adequately to fluctuating environments and
to optimize their chances of survival in harsh conditions. One of the major stress responses …

We report that the H-NS nucleoid protein plays a positive role in the expression of stringently
regulated genes in Escherichia coli. Bacteria lacking both H-NS and the paralog StpA show …

The bacterial second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) controls biofilm formation and
other phenotypes relevant to pathogenesis. Cyclic-di-GMP is synthesized by diguanylate …

The Escherichia coli spoT gene encodes a guanosine-3′, 5′-bispyrophosphate (ppGpp)
3′-pyrophosphohydrolase known to be responsible for cellular (ppGpp) degradation. The …

The bacterial sigma factor RpoS is strongly induced under a variety of stress conditions and
during growth into stationary phase. Here, we used rpoS-lac fusions in Escherichia coli to …